Latest Biological Science Reviewer 10

1. Which is/are TRUE Meiosis?

I. Produce reproductive cells

II. Reduce the chromosomes number by half

III. Produce two daughters

A. II only

B. I and II

C. I and III

D. II and III

Ans: B I and II

Mitosis

Meiosis

·         Involves one cell division ·         Results in two daughter cells ·         Results in diploid daughter cells (chromosomes) number remains the same as parent cell) ·         Daughter cells are genetically identical ·         Occurs in all organism except viruses ·         Creates all body cells (somatic) apart from  the germ cell (eggs and sperm) ·         Prophase is much shorter ·         No recombination/crossing over occurs in prophase ·         In metaphase individual chromosomes (pairs of chromatids) line up along the equator ·         During anaphase the sister chromatids are separated to opposites poles

·         Involves two successive cell division ·         Results in four daughter cells ·         Results in haploid daughter cells (chromosomes) number is halved from the parent cell) ·         Daughter cells are genetically different ·         Occurs only in animals , plants and fungi ·         Creates germ cells (eggs and sperm) only ·         Prophase I takes much longer ·         Involve recombination/crossing line up along the equator ·         In metaphase I pairs of chromosomes line up along the equator ·         During anaphase I the sister chromatids move together to the same pole. ·         During anaphase II the sister chromatids are separated to opposite poles

Similarities

Mitosis	Meiosis
·         Diploid parent cell ·         Consists of interphases, prophase, metaphases, anaphase and telophase ·         In metaphases individual  chromosomes (pairs of chromatids are separated to opposites poles ·         During anaphase the sister chromatids are separated to opposites poles ·         Ends with cytokinesis	·         Diploid parent cell ·         Consist of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase (but twice) ·         In metaphases II individual chromosomes (pair of chromatids) line along the equator ·         During anaphase II the sister chromatids are separated to opposites poles ·         Ends with cytokinesis

2. Meiosis produce daughters cells that have _______ of chromosomes as the parent cell.

A. Half the number

B. the same number

C. one thirf number

D. One fourth number

Ans: A. Half the number

- Meiosis is reductional. Meoisis produces daughter cells that half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Thus when  fertilization occurs, the chromosomes number is restored. For example , when human sperm and egg combined during fertilization. They produce a zygote, a cell with 46 chromosomes. Since sexually reproducing organism receive  set of chromosomes from eah parent, each chromosomes has a coressponding pair. The daughter cell produce during meiosis are genetically diverse. Homologue chromosomes (that is, chromosomes pairs from the mother and the father) exchange bits of DNA to create genetically unqie, hybird chromosomes destined for each daughter cell.

3. Which of the following are man-made ecosystems?

A. Plantation and parks

B. coral reefs and coastal area

C. Grass lands

D. Mangrove forests

Ans: A. Plantation and parks

- Natural ecosystem are more diverse than man-made or artificial ecosystem. This is because natural ecosystem contain more biotic and abiotic factors than artificial ecosystem. This organisms and their relationship to each other are more complex than anything that cause be found in artificial ecosystem, A natural ecosystem is self-sustaining and self perpetuating. This means that it does not need any outside help  to sustain itself. On the other hand, an artificial ecosystem cannot sustain itself without help of humans. For example plantation and parks are man made ecosystem that cannot sustain themselves. If they are neglected for a period of time, they will revert back to nature and its ecosystem will b destroyed.

4. Al are characteristics of a man-made community EXCEPT _______.

A. genetic diversity is low

B. genetic diversity is high

C. no ecological sucession

D. designed for high productivity

Ans: B. genetic diversity is high

- See explanation on item 83

5. Which is/are TRUE of a natural community

A. Low genetic diversity

B. High genetic diversity

C. No ecological succession

D. Designed for high productivity

Ans: B. genetic diversity is high

- See explanation on item 83

6. The soil is a subrate for plant and is kept intact together with the particles and other minerals and organic matter due to __________.

A. water

B. Oxygen

C. particles

D. salts

Ans: Water

-is one of the most important ingredients in any soil. Without water, soil formation would not be possible. Soil can regulate the drainage, flow and storage of water and solutes which includes nitrogen, phosphorus, pesticides and other nutrients and compounds dissolved in the water. With proper functioning, soil partition water for ground water recharge and use by plants and animals.

7. Which of the most important physical factor among aquatic animals?

A. Light

B. Pressure

C. Temperature

D. Volume

Ans: C. Temperature

- Changes in temperature affect aquatic life, temperature determines which organism will thrive and which will diminish in numbers and size. For each organism there is a thermal death point. Also there is a range of temperature of that produces optimal abundance. The effects of temperature upon life of a cold blooded animal or poikilotherm are profound. Poikilothermic animals such as fish are those whose body temperature follow closely the temperature of their medium.

8. The presence of producers is an aquatic environment found on the surface must be high dependent upon ___________

A. light

B. air

C. water

D. salt

Ans: A. light

- Plants being the producers in aquatic environment need light as light is needed by plants manufacture food in the process called photosynthesis.

9. In a particular ecosystems, which trophic level is occupied by the herbivores?

A. Decomposers

B. Primary consumers

C. Producers

D. Secondary consumers

Ans: B. Primary consumers

- The first trophic level is occupied ny primary producers. Which are green plants that use photosynthesis to obtain energy from sunlight. Herbivores (primary consumers). Which eat the plants occupy the second level. Secondary consumers, on third trophic levels. Are carnivores  which eat the herbivores. There may be a fourth level (tertiary consumers) occupied by other carnivores that eat those on the third level.

10. The presence of hanging plants (epiphytes) on the branches of trees but do not derive the food from the trees is an example of __________.

A. commensalism

B. competition

C. mutualism

D. parasitism

Ans:  A. commensalism

- Commensalism is the association between two or more types of living organisms. Is this relationship some of them will get benefit, but some others will not. Anyway, no organism will get harmed. The living organism involved area called commensals. Epiphytes grow on  the parts of the tree, but they do not get any nutrients from the support. The epiphytes get the benefit of uprising. Then, they can get a beneficial location for accepting daylight. They is no harm to the supporting plant.

11. What intra-specific relationship ma exist between a tilpia and a dalag in a fishponds ecosystem?

A. commensalism

B. competition

C. mutualism

D. parasitism

Ans: B. competition

- A great example of competition in the ocean is many types of whales, birds and other animals all feed on krill. If bigger animals are in the area they will scare off the other animals and be able to eat more than the other animals causing the causing the competition. This competition is over food.

12. What relationship exist when one animal hunts, kills and eats another animal?

A. commensalism

B. competition

C. mutualism

D. predation

Ans: In an ecosystem, predation is a biological interaction where predator (organism that is hunting ) feeds on its prey (organism that is attacked). Some examples of predator and pry are lion and zebra, bear and fish, Fox and rabbit. The words “predators” and “ prey” are almost always used to mean only animals that eat animals, but the same concept also applies to plants: Bear and berry rabbit and lettuce, grasshopper and leaf.

13. Which refers to the close relationship between two different species of organism living together?

A. Amensalism

B. Energy pyramid

C. Food web

D. Symbiosis

Ans: D. Symbiosis

- Symbiosis is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutaulistic, commensalistic, or parasitic. The  organisms may be of the same or different species. Amensalism is an association between organism of two different species in which inhibited or destroyed and the other I unaffected.

14. Energy flows thorugh an ecosystem. One form of energy is transformed into another from and there is always a loss of some energy as heat.

A. True

B. False

C. Partly true

D. More true than false but not entirely correct

Ans: A. True

- Energy flows through an ecosystem because when one from of energy is transformed into another form, there is always a loss of some energy as heat. In contrast, chemical are neither created nor destroyed and the elements merely keep cycling.

15. How much energy available at one trophic level is incorporated into the tissues of animals at the nex level?

A. 5%

B. 10%

C. 15%

D. 50%

Ans: B. 10%

- The 10% Rules means that when energy is passed in an ecosystem from one trophic level to the next, only ten percent of the energy will be passed on. A trophic level is the position of an organism in a food chain or energy pyramid.

16. Energy flow begins when producers take inorganic nutrients from the physical environment. Is this TRUE?

A. True

B. False

C. Partly true

D. D. More true than false but not entirely correct

Ans: A. True

- Energy flow begins when producers absorb solar energy; chemical cycling is continuous but include organisms taking in organic nutrients from the physical environment.

17. Energy flow begins when producers take inorganic nutrients from the physical environment. Is this statement is TRUE?

A. Yes

B. No

C. Partly true

D. More true than false but not entirely correct

Ans: B. No

- Energy flow begins when producers absorb solar energy chemical cycling is continuous but include organism taking inorganic nutrients from the physical environment.

18. In the energy pyramid, which group or organisms is found at the base?

A. Producers

B. First order consumers

C. Third order consumers

D. Second order consumers

Ans: A. Producers

- A pyramid of energy represents each trophic level as a block whose size is directly proportional to the energy stored in that level. The different levels represents different groups organism that might compose a food chain. From the bottom-up, they are as follows:

·         Producers – bring energy from nonliving into the community

·         Primary consumers- eat the producers, which makes them herbivores in most communities

·         Secondary consumers-eat the primary consumers, which makes them carnivores

·         Tertiary consumers- eat the secondary consumer

19. Which process are responsible for the return of chemical elements in the bodies of living organism back to the components of the ecosystem?

I. Decomposition

II. Respiration

III. Photosynthesis

A. I only

B. I and II

C. II and III

D. I, II and III

Ans: B. I and II

- When respiration occurs, the carbon-carbon bonds are broken and the carbon is combined with oxygen to form carbon dioxide. This process release the energy, which is either used by the organism (to move its muscles, digest foods, excrete wastes, think etc.) or the energy may be lost as heat. All organisms die and becomes detritus, food for the decomposers. At this stage the last of the energy is extracted (and lost as heat) an the inorganic nutrients are returned to the soil or water to be taken up again. The inorganic nutrients are recycled the energy is not.

20. What is being established when the status of an organism fits in its total environment community?

A. Ecological niche

B. Ecological succession

C. Ecosystem habitation

D. Environment succession

Ans: A. Ecological niche

- An Ecological niche is the role and position a species has in its environment how it meets its needed for food and shelter, how it survives, how it survives and how it reproduces. A species niche includes all of its interactions with the biotic and abiotic factors of its environment. Ecological succession is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. A habitat is the physical environment in which a species lives. All adaptations help organism survive in their ecological inches. The adaptive traits may be structural, behavioral or physiological.

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